Apa Blog How To Cite Sources From Internet Sources

Chelsea blog by Chelsea Lee

Perhaps the most common question we get about APA Style is "How do I cite a website?" or "How do I cite something I found on a website?"

First, to cite a website in general, but not a specific document on that website, see this FAQ.

Once you're at the level of citing a particular page or document, the key to writing the reference list entry is to determine what kind of content the page has. The Publication Manual reference examples in Chapter 7 are sorted by the type of content (e.g., journal article, e-book, newspaper story, blog post), not by the location of that content in a library or on the Internet. The Manual shows both print- and web-based references for the different types of content.

What seems to flummox our readers is what to do when the content doesn't fall into an easily defined area. Sometimes the most you can say is that you're looking at information on a page—some kind of article, but not a journal article. To explore this idea, imagine the Internet as a fried egg. The yolk contains easier to categorize content like journal articles and e-books. In that runny, nebulous white you'll find the harder to define content, like blog posts, lecture notes, or maps. To wit, the egg:

The Internet as an egg (free egg image from www.clker.com, modified by APA)

APA Style Template for Website References

Content in that egg white area may seem confusing to cite, but the template for references from this area is actually very simple, with only four pieces (author, date, title, and source):

Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from https://URL

In text: (Author, year)

That format description in brackets is used only when the format is something out of the ordinary, such as a blog post or lecture notes; otherwise, it's not necessary. Some other example format descriptions are listed on page 186 of the Publication Manual.

It is permissible to leave hyperlinks live in reference list entries.

Example of a Website Reference With All Information Present

Here's an example (a blog post) in which we have all four necessary pieces of information (also see Manual example #76):

Examples of Website References With Missing Information

Sometimes, however, one or more of these four pieces is missing, such as when there is no identifiable author or no date. For each piece of missing information there is a way to adapt the APA Style reference.

Here's an example where no author is identified in this online news article (the title moves to the author position):

And here's an example for a webpage where no date is identified (the letters n.d., which stand for no date, are substituted in place of a year):

Over the years we have also covered example references for tweets and Facebook updates, press releases, interviews, wikipedia articles, and artwork in other blog posts. We recommend that you search the blog for your reference type if you are still unsure of how to create the reference.

For a complete explanation of how to create website references no matter how much information you have, read this post on "missing pieces" and download our chart here:How to Adapt APA Style References When Information Is Missing. This chart can be used for educational puposes provided that credit is given to the American Psychological Association.

Thanks for reading!

How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style